Money Blue Book

Updated IRA and Roth Contribution Tables For Tax Year 2009

Because of the power of compound interest, it is never too early to start saving for your future and planning your retirement nest egg. The earlier you start taking advantage of tax deferred investments, the more money you’ll have to live on when retirement rolls around. Don’t count on dying young to relieve you of the need to save either. Statistics show that improvements in medical technology and lifestyle changes, coupled with increased health awareness are extending our lives longer than before.

For the younger, single people out there, I know it can be strange discussing retirement so early on, but you must remember that your actions now have a huge impact on your future welfare. The cash you invest today in a tax deferred retirement account has a disproportionately more significant impact on your wealth level than money invested later. Don’t delay or keep putting it off – even catch up contributions won’t be much help if you wait too long to save for retirement.

When it comes to saving for retirement, there are a variety of tax deferred options such as the common employer sponsored 401K plan. But there is also the Traditional Investment Retirement Account (IRA) and the Roth IRA. Both are excellent ways to save for the future but you must be mindful of IRS rules when funding them – by being aware of the annual contribution limits, the contribution deadlines, and the applicable income phaseout ranges. I’ve created a list of helpful tables that cover the most important funding rules below. The income phaseouts listed on the charts are based on modified adjusted gross income (modified AGI or MAGI), which is derived by adding certain income factors back to the adjusted gross income. If you want further extra clarification, check out the official IRS explanation page for more information about AGI and MAGI calculation. For the majority of taxpayers, the modified adjusted gross income number will oftentimes be the same as their regular adjusted gross income.

1) Traditional IRA and Roth IRA Contribution Deadlines

With certain exceptions made for weekends, the April 15 deadline for filing your federal income tax is also the deadline for investors to make their final Traditional IRA and Roth IRA contributions for the closing tax year. For example, April 15, 2009 is the contribution deadline to make a IRA or Roth contribution towards the 2008 limit. After that date, all contribution money will go towards the 2009 tax year limit. This differs from a 401K, which has a contribution deadline that ends on December 31 of the tax year. Thus you should never miss the final deadline to contribute for the prior year. Contribution limits for the IRA and the Roth are considered by the IRS to be “used it or lose it” benefits. Those who fail to contribute the maximum allowed contribution to their IRA or Roth by the deadline, forfeit the limit for that year.

Note that even if you’ve already filed your tax return before April 15, you can still contribute to your IRA or Roth by the filing deadline, so long as you file an amended 1040X return thereafter to declare it.

2) Traditional IRA and Roth IRA Annual Contribution Limits

Qualification to contribute to an IRA or Roth account requires the contributing taxpayer to have earned income or taxable compensation, comprised of wages, salaries, fees, tips, commissions, bonuses, and taxable alimony. While the traditional IRA is available to all with no income restrictions or contribution phaseouts (not to be confused with IRA deduction limits), only the Roth reduces and limits your contribution if your income goes above certain levels. However for both the IRA and Roth, you are permitted to contribute the lesser of the normal contribution limit noted below or the entire amount of your total taxable income. You are not required to contribute the full amount but you cannot exceed the contribution limit. Those who are 50 years old or older are entitled to higher contribution limits called “catch ups” to help them expedite the pace of their investment.

Another thing to keep in mind is that for married couples, both the husband and wife may make separate contributions to their own individual retirement accounts, even if one of them is not working. This has the potential to effectively double the combined total they may contribute as a married couple.

3) Roth IRA Contribution Phase Out Due To Higher Income

Unlike the IRA which has no contribution phaseouts due to income, the amount of money that may be contributed to a Roth IRA per year is dependent on tax filing status, modified adjusted gross income, as well as age. Once the contributor reaches a certain modified AGI level, his or her maximum Roth contribution limit may be phased out or gradually eliminated in linear fashion. The phaseouts in the chart above show income ranges that span between a floor and a ceiling. Those with income below the lower floor amount may contribute the maximum amount. Those that exceed the higher ceiling are completely phased out and will not be permitted to contribute to a Roth IRA for that year. Of course, they can always still contribute to a traditional IRA.

Because the phaseout range is liner, if your income fell precisely in the middle of the income range, you would only be able to contribute 50% of the maximum Roth contribution limit shown above. Keep in mind that IRA and Roth’s share the same combined contribution limit. You may open multiple accounts, but the total contribution amount cannot exceed the limit.

4) Income Phase Out For The Traditional IRA Contribution Deduction

Traditional IRA’s, unlike the Roth, offer a unique tax benefit – contributors may be qualified to take a tax deduction on the amount they contribute. However, whether the entire amount can be deducted or only partially deducted from income depends on factors including tax filing status and income range.

An important factor that affects the phase out range is whether the contributor is already an active participant in an employer sponsored retirement plan, such as a 401K from work. For those who already participate in such a plan, their IRA contribution deductions are phased out quicker and at lower income levels than those who don’t participate in such a plan.

For married couples, if neither you nor your spouse participate in such a plan, the entire amount you are qualified to contribute towards your IRA may be deducted from income. If either of you participates in such a plan however, then deductibility depends on your tax filing status. There are two tables below – one for those covered under an employer plan, and the second one for those who are not. For those who are not personally covered by an employer plan, different rules apply if their spouses are covered (Spouse Covered) and for those whose spouses are not (Spouse Not).

For Those Who Are Covered By An Employer Sponsored Retirement Plan:

For Those Who Are NOT Covered by An Employer Sponsored Retirement Plan:

So what are you waiting for? Go open a Roth IRA right now! If you don’t qualify due to income phaseout, then at the very least you should go open a Traditional IRA.

Business credit cards have grown to become a commonly accepted and practical way for small startup businesses to acquire access to needed venture credit. Not only do they offer benefits unique to business office and supply demands such as higher credit lines, better credit card rewards, and more versatile expense tracking, they offer also the opportunity for growing businesses to build up their business credit history. This is important because one day the business may need to draw upon that developed business credit history to acquire corporate loans.

Individuals Can Apply For Business Credit Cards With Their Social Security Numbers

What many consumers seemingly overlook is that business credit card benefits can be available to them as well and are not reserved for complex business entities alone. Card applicants don’t have to be part of a corporation or a limited liability company (LLC) to qualify. Ordinary individuals can go into business for themselves and establish their business operation as a sole proprietorship. If you are self employed, a freelance worker, or an independent contractor like myself, you may very well be operating as a sole proprietor already. In the eyes of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the government, and credit card companies, the individual and his or her sole proprietorship business are one and the same for legal and income tax purposes. The only significant difference is when it comes to record keeping and business tax deductions. As sole proprietorships are entitled to write off their business expenses against their income, most are encouraged to apply for and utilize an Employer Identification Number (EIN). This federal tax ID allows the sole proprietor to more easily keep their personal and business expenses separate so that business transactions can be more properly distinguished and categorized for tax deduction purposes. Having a separate Employer Identification Number apart from the individual’s personal Social Security Number (SSN) also allows the individual to apply and obtain credit lines separate and distinct from his own personal credit history.

For ordinary consumers interested in taking advantage of the many benefits of business credit cards but aren’t interested in actually writing off any business deductions, so long as they properly pay off the balance each month, they won’t have to put up with any extraneous IRS tax filing obligations. Other than the introduction of a separate business credit line for the sole proprietorship or company applicant, the differences in usage between consumer and business credit cards are fairly minimal.

Business and Personal Credit History Scores Are Reported and Recorded Separately

While they may be taxed as income generated from the same source, the sole proprietor and his or her business entity are treated separately for credit recordation purposes. Their credit histories and credit scores are not intermingled or consolidated when it comes to reporting credit transactions to the credit reporting agencies. In fact, the way they are reported differ as well.

Business credit scores range from a scale of 0 to 100 with 75 generally regarded as an excellent credit rating (example of a business credit report). Some agencies even report their own metrics such as Dun & Bradstreet (DnB), which reports its own Paydex score regarding the likelihood of credit delinquency. There are different types of scoring methods used for personal credit scores as well, but the most popular one is the FICO score, which ranges from 300 to 850 with 700 regarded as excellent. Both business and personal scores along with their accompanying credit history attempt to reflect the individual or business entity’s credit worthiness based on past and current credit lines, credit inquiries, and history of paying back outstanding debt.

Even With An EIN, Business Credit Card Applications Usually Require SSN’s As Guarantees

A true business or corporate credit card is a line of credit that is offered solely under the name of the business entity with all activity reflecting only on its own business credit history through business credit reporting agencies like DnB, Equifax, and Experian. However, the vast majority of online business credit cards still require that the business card applicant provide a personal guarantee for business credit liability. That is why card issuers almost always still ask for both a business tax ID as well as the Social Security Number of the person applying for the card. There are ways to obtain a business credit card through local banks and major card issuers using only a EIN without the need of a SSN, but those types of cards are strictly limited to established businesses that have developed and extensive credit histories. Thus, unless your sole proprietorship has a long standing and proven credit rating with a major business credit reporting agency like DnB, you will be required to associate your SSN as a guarantee for unpaid debts.

How a business card application will impact the respective business and personal credit reports depends on the card issuer’s policy, but in the vast majority of cases, an initial and one time hard credit check is applied against the applicant’s personal credit history like any consumer credit card would for approval purposes. While the inquiry itself will show up on the personal credit report, the business credit card balance and credit line will not. This hard credit inquiry is only for the initial approval. Subsequent business credit activity will be recorded on the business’ separate credit history report solely, unless there is something like a missed payment. Because most online business credit cards are backed by the cardholder’s personal credit and linked by his or her personal SSN, in the event the business entity enters default such as by filing for bankruptcy, the default may be reported on the personal credit report. But in general, business credit activity is kept separate from the associated personal credit file. This is the case for all major business credit card issuers like Citibank, Chase, and American Express.

However, despite the association of the applicant’s SSN with the business card as a guarantor, so long as the card payments are made properly, there is no business credit balance or credit usage impact on the individual credit history report other than the initial application inquiry hit.

Applying For A Credit Card With Just A Business Tax ID, Without A Social Security Number

For various reasons, including wanting to keep a pristine personal credit history report, or fear and paranoia about identity theft, some card applicants may seek to apply for a consumer or business credit card with just a business tax ID, without having to provide a personal SSN as a liability guarantor. Unfortunately that is not possible with the majority of online credit card offers. With regular consumer credit cards, attempting to replace the SSN with an EIN on the card application will likely result in a rejection letter as well.

A few years ago I had the misfortune of living in the ghetto inner city of Baltimore. I had no choice – that was where the geniuses at the state of Maryland chose to locate their state run graduate schools. Why they chose to place the school building in a dangerous area surrounded by homeless people and drug hangouts still baffles me. The city is saturated with a population comprised of drug addicts, violent thugs, and opportunistic car thieves.

Along with two other roommates, I lived in a quaint row house near the law school in an area primarily occupied by students. Here, I thought my roommates and I would be safely shielded from the neighboring slums and criminal activity. I was wrong. Within the span of two years, a classmate friend of mine was robbed in person and a neighbor who lived across from our row house had her home burglarized (canned food was stolen, of all things). Furthermore, both of my roommates’ street parked cars were broken into. My old red Toyota Corolla survived the criminal onslaught valiantly for while, but it too finally succumbed to the inevitable break in.

I usually parked my car along the street where our row house was located. One day I came home from class only to discover that the small rear side window panel on the passenger end had been smashed to pieces. Auto glass shards were strewn across the back seat, but nothing was taken. Everyone in Baltimore City knows that you must never leave any personal property visibly sitting in your parked car that may attract thieves. Even a pack of coke or a few pencils become priority targets for the passing drug addict. I thought I had been abiding by the rule pretty well until then. I had even adopted the practice of emptying out my glove compartment and leaving it wide open to advertise the fact that it was empty. Of course this didn’t deter Baltimore City’s finest. As an older Toyota model, my car wasn’t equipped with an audible car alarm, making it an attractive break in-target – and now my car had just become another city statistic. After grumbling and sighing out loud at my misfortune, I filed a pointless police report and then set out to get the auto window glass pane fixed. Since my Geico auto insurance didn’t cover glass breakage, I’d have to find my own way to fix it cheaply.

Save Money By Repairing Your Car With Pried-Off Used Car Parts Found At Your Local Auto Junkyard

Since my car was an old hand-me-down from my parents, I had little incentive to spend a lot of money on parts or labor to get the window fixed. I tried patching it up temporarily with clear packaging tape, but that just made it look even worse. It certainly didn’t impress the girl I was dating at the time. Finally I decided the busted window had to be replaced. But rather than going to an auto parts or auto glass store and paying $200 to get the small glass pane repaired, I decided to pursue the frugal route – by visiting a local auto junkyard to locate the parts myself.

A friend recommended a local junkyard in the Baltimore, Maryland region so I decided to give it a try. Interestingly enough, the name of the auto landfill was called “Crazy Ray’s“. Calling itself an auto parts garden rather than a junkyard didn’t make the place any prettier. The place was a huge outdoor dirt and gravel lot filled with stacks and rows of beat up vehicles. I guess this is where old and abandoned cars came to die. Many of the cars and trucks were old and rusted, while others were relatively new but dented and wrecked due to obvious involvement in traffic accidents and fender benders. It was kind of eerie to see some brand new vehicles in the stockpile all mangled up, and knowing that someone used to drive that car.

If you drive an old vehicle and want to be cheap or frugal like me, an auto junkyard is the perfect place to get your used auto parts because you can usually find what you need for much less. These auto junkyards are essentially do-it-yourself lots where you salvage whatever components you want from the wreckages and later pay for whatever items you take. The cars are only lightly categorized and sorted by model into basic domestic or foreign piles. Because wrecked vehicles are not always efficiently logged as they are towed in, they usually can’t really tell you where to find your vehicle model – only a general direction of where they may be. They don’t have a steady stock of inventory as it is constantly rotating depending on what vehicle selections they haul in. Returns and refunds for used parts are usually not allowed.

So after I paid my $1 entrance fee, I walked into the huge outdoor scrap yard to begin my auto part hunting adventure. A large sign at the front entrance humorously reminded me that all removed nuts and bolts must be paid for upon exit – “No jacking allowed!”

For those of you thinking of taking the junkyard approach, I recommend that you wear clothing and shoes you wouldn’t mind getting dirty in. You are likely to get some mud and grease on your hands and clothing. You should also bring along hand tools like a hammer, screwdriver, and crowbar, since you’ll need them to pry your desired part off your target vehicle. Walking around, I noticed I wasn’t alone as there were plenty of other people walking around, pulling old engines and metal plates from vehicles. After walking and searching, I finally came upon a Toyota Corolla that matched my model series. I examined the window glass. While a few glass panes were cracked, the one I wanted was still in excellent condition. I immediately went to work – using my crowbar and screwdriver to pry the glass plate and rubber frame from the car window. I’m not sure how I managed to do that without breaking or scratching the glass, but I managed to get it off in one piece. After much sweat and manual effort, I trekked back to the front entrance and paid the fee for the used auto part.

Examining How Much I Saved By Using Junkyard Parts

A brand new glass pane component for my car window would have cost me $100-$150. At the junkyard I only paid $18 for the used car window pane. Some car enthusiasts know how to install the glass pane themselves. Since I’m no car expert, I chose to pay another car repair shop $30 for installation labor. All in all I spent $48 to fix the window. If I had gone to an auto glass repair shop, parts and labor would have cost me $200 or more. Of course, the cost savings adds up even more if you’re talking about replacing multiple components such as a light covers or hubcaps. At the end of the day, I went home quite pleased at my cost savings. Not a bad frugal solution to patch up an old beat-up wreck.

I used to sell products on eBay as a money making hobby and even once attempted to make a side business out of it. It wasn’t easy trying to make profit while at the same time avoiding all the internet fraud and scams out there. While I eventually decided to pursue other ventures, I had a friend who continued to dabble in eBay auctions. Soon enough, he had successfully turned what started out as a one room operation to an impressive one man eBay business machine that engulfed his entire basement. Everytime I stopped by his house I was always startled at the sheer number of brand new Dell laptop and ThinkPad boxes stacked in piles throughout his basement that overflowed into his unoccupied garage.

Through his closely guarded network of online connections (he never disclosed them to me), he was able to secure excellent wholesale deals on hot electronics like laptops, desktop computers, and handheld PDA’s for sale on eBay. His racket continued for several years to my continued amazement as I wondered how he managed to stay so consistently profitable despite rising eBay fees and heavy online competition. One day I finally turned to him and asked him if he was reporting his eBay earnings as taxable income on his federal income tax. He simply smiled and changed the subject. Obviously, the answer was no, thus exposing the secret to his profitable eBay success – tax evasion!

Frankly I don’t really blame him for withholding his eBay profits from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although I wouldn’t have done that myself. The subject of eBay tax enforcement has been murky for years, mostly due to the lack of proper paper trails and the undeveloped legal area of online auction income. However, the IRS has been recently making moves to crack down on eBay powersellers and auction proprietors to compel the reporting of all business profits. The IRS has also set its taxation efforts on other popular online auction sites like Amazon and UBid, as well as other online hobby market networks like Etsy. I suppose it was about time the almighty IRS dealt with the issue of online auctions.

The IRS Struggles To Compel eBay Sellers To Divulge Their Taxable Earnings

When it comes to reporting their sales income to the IRS, eBay sellers currently operate on the honor system. However, this honor system has resulted in a significant shortfall of under-reported and untaxed auction earnings. Currently, eBay does not report seller stats or submit sales records to the IRS unless it is honoring a subpoena request for information. Many amateur and aspiring eBay entrepreneurs have been able to work the eBay tax loophole for some time and avoid having to pay tax on their profits. It’s a risky game of tax evasion roulette, but the lax enforcement has allowed it to persist for some time.

Recently, the federal government and the IRS has begun to put pressure on major online auction retailers like eBay to cough up user information and sales records, and has even introduced legislation to require market hubs to report personalized sales activity. Of particular taxation concern are the millions of auction sellers who consider eBay as their primary or secondary source of income but fail to accurately report their earnings. Obviously this effort is going to encounter much resistance from sellers and even the auction sites themselves since new tracking policies will undoubtedly result in higher tracking and record keeping costs. The prospect of requiring sites like eBay to track user information based on individual Social Security Number will obviously have the usual online privacy advocates up in arms.

While this taxation crackdown may bug a few eBay sellers, the requirement to report auction income and taxable business earnings is nothing new and has always been around. It’s just only until recently that the IRS finally decided to work harder at plugging up the tax gap to stem tax evasion activities. Mandating the implementation of tools to enforce tax compliance already exists in most employment sectors and the IRS believes the new frontier of online auctions should be no exception.

When Do Proceeds From An eBay Auction Sale Have To Be Reported As Taxable Income?

From the amateur seller who considers eBay to be nothing more than a hobby, to the heavy traffic Powerseller who runs his or her operation as a profit generating business, no one really wants to spent the time to report earnings as income if he or she can help it. However, the IRS instructions make it clear that all sources of income can be taxed, which includes everything from online auction profits, and income from gambling activity, to even illegal “business operations” such as drug dealing and prostitution.

Even if the eBay seller makes a few sales here and there as a hobby, the IRS requires all income to be reported – this includes wages, salaries, tips, gambling winnings, money found on the floor, sweepstakes earnings, business income, and yes, eBay earnings (both hobby and business). The hobby or business nature of your eBay income only becomes an important factor when determining whether your eBay losses and operation costs may be used to offset your eBay income as a business deduction.

The correct question to ask regarding taxability is not necessarily the frequency or dollar amount of the transactions – but rather – did the eBay auction activity result in a net profit? For those who use eBay or other internet auction sites to sell old stuff that’s been piling up in your garage, you probably don’t have to worry about paying income taxes on the proceeds since the cost (the basis) usually exceeds the selling price. Under current tax law, an individual who sells an item online and collects more money than its original purchased value is expected to report that money as income on his or her tax return. Items whose original purchase basis value cannot be determined is typically valued at $0 under current tax law. Thus, it’s advisable for all eBay sellers to get in the proper habit now of retaining their purchase and sales records. You never know when the IRS will flip the switch and go nuts with the eBay seller tax audits. It’s only a matter of time.

Why Does It Matter If Your eBay Selling Is A Hobby Or A Business?

All eBay online auction sellers have a duty to report their earnings and to comply with tax law obligations to avoid an IRS audit. For most casual eBay hobby sellers who occasionally run the online equivalent of the garage or yard sale, they usually are not obligated to report their sales. That’s because for most online garage or yard type sales, the items sold are usually personal household items purchased over the years and used. As such, the resulting selling prices are almost always lower than the original purchase basis price. The exception occurs when the item for sale has appreciated in value. Even if the transaction was intended to be a simple online yard sale, if the item being sold was something like a set of rare baseball cards that had appreciated in value in excess of the original purchase price, the resulting earnings must be reported as taxable income.

The hobby vs. business debate matters when it comes to self employment tax obligations and tax deduction benefits. If the eBay operation is properly regarded as a business, the taxpayer may be entitled to business deductions to write off operating costs. Whether the eBay seller will be treated as running a business will depend on his or her intent to generate profit. Activities such as visiting pawn shops for resale bargains like my friend used to do will likely be seen as demonstrating business intent. Furthermore, when the individual is running a business operation that results in regular profit sales, he or she may also be obligated to pay self assessed quarterly estimated tax payments through Form 1040-ES.

If you lose money pursuing a hobby, you cannot deduct your hobby loss from other income, but you can deduct your expenses up to the amount of your hobby income on your tax return. A hobby loss is a miscellaneous itemized tax deduction, and as such, only the total that exceeds 2% of the adjusted gross income may be deducted.

For more information regarding the differing IRS treatment of hobby and business related activity, check out the IRS explanation. The IRS also provides a good tax information resource for online auction sellers.