Money Blue Book

Updated With The New and Current FDIC Insurance Limits For Bank Deposits! (New Law Went Into Effect October 3, 2008)

As the American and world economies endure a period of economic recession, the once stable and thriving marketplace can seem like a distant memory. Not only does it seem like unemployment warning flags and disappointing corporate earning reports lurk around every corner, it’s all too easy to succumb to the financial despair. When you combine the mortgage market meltdown with increasing housing foreclosures, and you mix that with high gas prices, fears of another major Islamic terrorist attack, and snowballed consumer pessimism, you have a spicy cocktail for widespread financial depression. While I’m not a financial fortune teller, nor am I a guru who can predict when the recession or lingering credit crisis will pass, all I can do is reassure you of areas in your life where you ought not to be overly distraught or paranoid about.

One segment in the economy that has spawned a huge surge of concern and irrational panic is the area of bank failures and bank bankruptcies. Because of the excessive subprime lending to consumers totally unqualified to receive home mortgages made by irresponsible mortgage lenders in the past few years, the economy is now reaping the terrible financial whirlwind result of defaulting loans and home foreclosures. This calamity is currently happening on a massive scale as huge banking giants like Citibank and Bank of America, as well as major thrift saving institutions like Washington Mutual are getting pummeled for their ties to bad mortgage loans. Unable to recoup their housing mortgage investments, many of these financial service providers are having to write off billions of dollars of unrecoverable bad loans, triggering serious questions by creditors, deposit account holders, and shareholders of their ability to continue as viable going concerns.

Bank Failures Have A Way Of Sparking Emotional Panic, Regardless Of The Government Effort’s To Alleviate Fears

While most major banks have healthier segments of their financial businesses to siphon assets and capital from, thereby allowing them to stay afloat, a few have not been so lucky. Netbank, an online banking institution that was one of the first early adopters during the initial Internet banking craze, ultimately keeled over due to the disintegration of its mortgage business segment. When its asset position could no longer meet depositor demand, federal regulators swooped in to shut it down, forcing Netbank to ultimately file for bankruptcy.

Banking and mortgage services giant Countrywide Financial recently faltered under the crushing weight of bad mortgages as well, and was ultimately acquired by Bank of America at an extremely huge discount, saving it from near collapse.

Most recently, IndyMac Bank fell flat on its face, triggering shock waves that signified the United States’ second largest banking collapse in history. Due to the sheer financial size of IndyMac bank, and the large scale and huge number of account customers the banking collapse affected, the news triggered panic attacks and resulted in reports of huge lines of desperate customers clamoring to get their deposit money out of the bank out of fear of the unknown. Despite the federal government’s announcement that the vast majority of deposit holders would not lose a single cent of their money, news of catastrophic bank failures have a way of making consumers go crazy and act in irrationally frenzied ways. As someone who considers himself relatively educated about the subject of finance, even I have to admit I was disturbed by the sheer magnitude of the Indy Mac bank collapse. After all, if IndyMac could fall, who else could potentially be next? I felt a slight tinge of emotional panic despite my otherwise logical and rational mental faculties – and I wasn’t even an IndyMac banking or home mortgage customer. But yet, I still felt the reactive emotional ripples that made me question my faith and trust in my bank and the economy at large. While bank failures are incredibly rare, they do happen – especially when there is a significant and pervasive trigger (the subprime mortgage meltdown) that is causing the financially destructive domino effect.

Thus, that is why it is extremely important for us, as cool headed consumers, to greatly educate ourselves on the types of financial and banking protections the system has in place to shield the money we save up in banks, savings and loans, and credit unions from loss. By learning more about how the federal government, the FDIC, and private bank risk sharing agreements protect our deposits, the more our fears will diminish, thus helping to solidify our faith in our banking institutions. We live in an efficient market where there are powerful protective systems in place, and proper financial education will help to reinforce that confidence. Thus sometimes, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself – a nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance” (a powerful quote made by former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression).

How Does FDIC Insurance Keep Our Bank Accounts and Deposit Money Safe?

The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a federal government run entity that provides deposit insurance protection for participating member banks – guaranteeing their deposit accounts from loss. The FDIC system was set up to instill consumer confidence in our nation’s banking system during a time of severe economic recession and financial turmoil. To prevent massive runs on banks triggered by irrational consumer panic to withdraw money during times of crisis, the United States government set up the FDIC to guarantee depositors at insured banks that their money would always be safe, even during the worst of times.

As a general rule of thumb, the current FDIC insured amount per depositor at each bank is $250,000 (with extra exceptions for different ownership categories). This blanket protection insures member bank accounts from bank failure loss, up to the maximum insured amount of $250,000. The FDIC protection covers a variety of bank deposits, including – checking accounts, savings accounts, money market accounts, certificate of deposits (CD’s), and even bank money orders and cashier’s checks. However, the FDIC protection does not cover non bank deposit type accounts and assets like – stocks, bonds, mutual fund investments, variable or fixed annuities, U.S. Treasury securities, or contents stored in safe deposit boxes. As FDIC insurance only covers bank failure loss, it also does not provide protection against bank fire, fraud, or theft, although in the overwhelming majority of cases, individual banks usually have their own private hazard and casualty insurance coverage against these other types of loss.

The FDIC also provides loss protection for retirement accounts held in member banks in the form of deposits. The FDIC limit for retirement accounts, which includes self directed plans like Roth IRA’s, Traditional IRA’s, SEP’s, and Keogh’s, currently stands at – $250,000. The higher FDIC limit for retirement accounts is a clear recognition by the FDIC of the importance of ensuring that consumers always have their retirement nest eggs to fall back on.

How Does The Federal Government and The FDIC Monitor The Banking Industry?

While by no means a perfect system, the banking industry is highly regulated by the federal government and watched by multiple federal agencies – including the Federal Reserve, the U.S. Treasury’s Office of the Comptroller of Currency, the FDIC, and the Office of Thrift Supervision. Along with state banking regulators, there are multiple sets of eyes at all time on the state of the banking market. While bank failures are incredibly rare, they do happen on occasion unfortunately.

In such an occurrence, as soon as the federal and state regulators determine that a bank no longer has the capacity to meet depositor demands and sustain sufficient capital due to insolvency problems, the FDIC barges in to take command. Once it takes control, the execution is usually fairly rapid as the FDIC is highly motivated to ensure a seamless transition. Until the FDIC can find a suitable buyer of the failing bank’s assets, the bank generally continues to run as usual without significant interruption. In the rare event the FDIC cannot find a suitable buyer, it closes down the ailing bank and sends out checks to all account holders within the FDIC insurance limits along with interest. Usually the FDIC payments are sent out in a matter of days.

For Those Banking Customers With $250,000 Or Less In Total Bank Deposits, Your Money Is Fully Covered By The FDIC

If you are a young student or a person with relatively low income with little in the way of financial or banking assets, you probably won’t have to worry too much about losing your money in the event of a bank failure. If your total bank deposits are less than $250,000, you can rest assured that the full faith and credit of the United States government has your back. The ones that have to be more vigilant in how they structure their checking and savings account deposits are those with more than $250,000 in total deposits. Those with more than $250,000 in deposits will need to pay greater attention to how they break up and consolidate their money among FDIC insured banks to ensure maximum FDIC protection against loss.

For Those With More Than $250,000, You’ll Need To Pay Attention To How The FDIC Provides Separate Coverage For Different Ownership Categories At Any One Bank

While I personally don’t have more than $250,000 in total bank deposits that require me to even worry about this problem (yet!), it’s something I want to know more about because I know one day I will reach that goal (why dream if you can’t dream big). It’s better to know how to structure your bank deposit portfolio now and plan for that occasion, than not know what to do when you reach that point someday in the not too distant future.

While the FDIC insurance program protects individual bank depositors up to a maximum of $250,000 per bank, there are clever ways and not-so-secret methods to get you around this protection limit. The primary way to accomplish this is through deposit account diversification. By splitting your total deposits into multiple ownership category accounts or splitting your assets among different FDIC insured banks, you can ensure full protection of your money. Remember, bank deposit accounts at different banks are insured separately (although all bank branches are considered part of the same bank). Thus, each bank has its own complete set of FDIC coverage limits.

At any one bank, the FDIC offers each category of ownership account its own individual coverage cap. There are different types of ownership categories, each with its own $250,000 FDIC insurance limit. You can go straight to the official source if you want to know more about the FDIC’s policy on ownership categories, but the more common ownership categories are listed here. Remember, each ownership category (single account, joint accounts, etc) gets its own $250,000 FDIC coverage limit:

• Single Accounts – Most consumer bank accounts fall into this category, which covers checking, savings, and CD’s. Basically, if your bank account is in your name only, its ownership category is probably that of a single account. Single accounts also include sole proprietorship business accounts you may own at the same bank (DBA, “Doing Business As” type businesses). All personal and sole proprietorship business deposit accounts at the same bank are added together as single accounts and insured up to the combined maximum FDIC limit of $250,000.
• Joint Accounts – Joint accounts are simply bank deposit accounts that are owned by two people or more at the same bank. While most joint accounts are held by married couples, joint account owners don’t necessarily need to be married. For example, while I have my own individual bank account at a local Chevy Chase Bank, my mom and I also jointly hold a separate shared deposit account at the same bank. Individuals can have multiple joint accounts at the same bank, each with joint ownership involving different people, but when it comes to calculating the total FDIC limit for the joint account category, all proportional shares that each individual owner owns in all joint bank accounts at any one bank are added together and insured up to $250,000 for each individual. Thus, while a joint deposit account for a married couple may appear to enjoy a higher $500,000 FDIC limit, it’s actually made up of two separately capped $250,000 limits – one for the wife, and one for the husband.
• Trust Accounts – Both revocable and irrevocable trusts get their own FDIC insurance limits of $250,000. By listing others as beneficiaries, one can strategically use trust deposit accounts to get around the usual FDIC individual caps. For example, both a husband and wife can set up 2 separate revocable trusts in each other’s names to get an extra total $500,000 FDIC limit on top of their other single and joint account limits.
• Business Accounts – I’m sure business owners feel the FDIC insurance deposit limit for business accounts are currently much too low, but as it currently stands, bank deposit account funds held by corporations, limited liability companies (LLC’s), and partnerships at any one bank are combined and insured up to a maximum FDIC limit of only $250,000 (much too low in my opinion). Keep in mind, sole proprietorship business accounts are lumped in with single accounts.
• Retirement Accounts – Self directed retirement accounts where the account holder gets to decide what to do with his or her money, are offered much higher insurance limits under the FDIC – at $250,000. This particular ownership category includes the following retirement plans – individual retirement accounts (IRA’s), Roth IRA’s, Simplified Employee Pension Accounts, and Keogh Plan accounts. All retirement account deposits held by an individual at a single bank are added together and insured up to a maximum FDIC limit of $250,000. However, keep in mind, retirement account assets invested in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds are not FDIC insured as you’re actually investing through a broker with a working relationship with your bank. The FDIC coverage only protects retirement bank deposits, not investments.

Those With More Than $250,000 In Bank Assets Should Shift Bank Deposit Money Into Joint Accounts To Maximize FDIC Coverage

Because the FDIC provides $250,000 total protection limits for each ownership category, including $250,000 for self directed retirement accounts at the same bank, consumers may be able to greatly increase their total overall financial protection by splitting their money among different types of ownership accounts at the same bank. For example, if you have an individual savings account with total deposits valued at $600,000, you need to be extra careful about bank failure. In the event your bank fails or is suddenly unable to meet depositor demands, you stand to potentially lose $350,000 because only $250,000 worth of assets in the single account category are covered. The solution is not to open up multiple bank accounts like checking accounts or CD’s as they are all of the same ownership category and doing so won’t increase your overall FDIC limit. The best way to diversity and boost your FDIC limit is to spread your deposit among different ownership categories or among different banks. In the case of the hypothetical individual $600,000 savings account, it would be advisable to take at least $350,000 from that savings account and shift it into a joint account with your spouse, thereby sheltering the $350,000 under the $500,000 ($250,000+$250,000) total joint account FDIC limit. You might even want to make sure you give each deposit account extra room under the FDIC cap to allow interest to accrue, but still remain fully protected.

To reiterate the point about ownership categories, let’s say you went to Wells Fargo and opened up a brick and mortar checking account, an online high interest savings account, and set up a few CD’s – your total coverage limit will still only be $250,000. However, if you opened a joint account with you and your wife or husband, while opening up your own individual checking account at the same time, you will be able to receive $250,000 coverage limit for the checking account, and another separate $500,000 total marital pool coverage limit for the joint account.

Business Accounts Are Covered By FDIC Insurance, But Depending On Type Of Business Entity, They May Or May Not Boost Your Overall Coverage

Depending on business type, a business bank deposit account may or may not enjoy its own separate $250,000 FDIC limit apart from the individual’s cap for single accounts. Because a sole proprietorship and the individual running it are regarded as one and the same for taxation and legal purposes, the FDIC treats sole proprietorships as single accounts for assessing the extent of FDIC coverage. Thus, opening a sole proprietorship business at the same bank as your consumer checking or savings account will not allow you to gain extra coverage.

Only partnerships, limited liability companies (LLC’s), and corporations are able to qualify as separate ownership categories for additional FDIC insurance coverage. Because the FDIC regards certain business entities as separate ownership categories for FDIC insurance purposes, it is not uncommon for clever but sneaky business types to express interest at creating phantom, dummy businesses for the sole purpose of inflating FDIC limits. However, FDIC regulations expressly forbid this practice and stipulate that business accounts for partnerships, corporations, and other unincorporated associations need to be engaged in an “independent activity” such that the business is not engaged primarily in boosting FDIC insurance coverage.

Further Bank Account Diversification Strategies Using Multiple Banks To Increase FDIC Coverage

Because FDIC insurance coverage is offered for not only different account ownership categories, but also for different banking institutions, the recommendation by some pundits for high networth individuals is to spread one’s assets among a multitude of banks. Because each bank offers its own set of bank failure protection limits by the FDIC, savvy account holders are often advised to sacrifice some of their deposits made at just a handful of high yielding banks for greater diversity by spreading it among a greater number of deposit institutions. Let’s say you have $750,000 in a high yield savings account at HSBC Direct that you want to fully protect under the FDIC. If setting up joint accounts to boost FDIC coverage is not available to you as a viable option, you could instead open up accounts at say, Bank of America and Wachovia, shifting $250,000 into each of those two new savings accounts. Thus, your total $750,000 portfolio would now enjoy separate $250,000 FDIC coverages at three different banks. As I mentioned above, in such an event, you may actually want to consider breaking up the $750,000 into four total banks instead of just three to give yourself room to grow in interest and stay fully protected.

One alternative way to shift your banking assets among different banks without actually having to run around the neighborhood or Internet looking for new banks is to participate in a Certificate of Deposit Account Registry Service (CDARS). Banks that are members of the CDARS network do the leg work for you by breaking up CD deposits into smaller size chunks that are separately held at different participating network banks. However, your funds continue to enjoy a single point of access at your primary bank with one statement and one interest rate. The practice is rapidly growing in popularity and I highly recommend it as a wonderful and hassle free way to diversify your banking holdings for maximum FDIC protection. Here’s a list of banks that participate in the CDARS network. One downside of using a CDARS bank is that they tend to be smaller, regional size community banks. Some people like smaller community banks, the type of place where everybody knows your name. However, I highly prefer mega-corporate size banks as they tend to resonate more stability and are better capitalized in my opinion. There are only a tiny handful of large institutional banks participating in the CDARS network at this time. Furthermore, because of the CDARS network fees that banks pay for each CDARS transaction (there is no fee to the customer), CDARS deposit account interest rates tend to be lower than that offered by more competitive non-CDARS banks.

However, if I had financial assets in the neighborhood of millions of dollars and account diversification was on my mind, it is unlikely I would be spending my time worrying about FDIC insurance limits. I would probably have the bulk of my money either invested in mutual funds, index funds, money market funds, or other broadly diversified investments that have never been known to actually fail. Frankly, I don’t even think broadly diversified investment assets could ever technically fail – in the worst case scenario, they would simply gradually lose their stock value over time. Buying super secure assets like U.S. Treasury Bills and Treasury Bonds would be viable alternatives for high net worth individuals as well. While U.S. Treasury products are not FDIC insured, they are fully backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. The federal government could simply print more money if financial Armageddon necessitated that course of action.

Life is unpredictable. As much as we may try to project what is to come in the future, our feeble attempts at fortune telling and soothsaying inevitably fall short of reality. That’s life and that’s just the way of the world. We may try to walk the steady and safe path paved with good intentions, but sometimes life just insists on chucking a banana peel to trip you up when you least expect it. It’s not always fair and it’s not always just. Bad things happen to good people and sometimes unfortunate circumstances befall even the best of us. But the unforeseen and the unexpected don’t have to ruin our lives and cause everything that’s going for us to fall apart at the seams. We can plan for such an occurrence and protect ourselves the best we can by creating a back up financial contingency plan. Having a “Plan B” savings account and readily accessible emergency fund set aside will give you piece of mind in knowing that you will be taken care of should the worst case scenario occur.

I’ve personally had many unforeseen and unexpected situations spring forth in the last couple of years, and have learned that life comes at you fast. In the last few months, I’ve had to deal with a family health emergency due to the sudden passing of my grandfather which required me to go on emergency leave to fly overseas to be with him. I’ve also had to deal with a significant tax liability bill recently that seemingly came out of no where in the tune of almost $10,000. Most recently, my car suddenly broke down, necessitating me to pay out a good chunk of cash – $80 for an emergency taxi ride, $140 to tow my car to the car dealership for servicing, and an additional $1,200 for the cost of repairing my vehicle’s broken alternator, car battery, and to replace the break pads. All of these sudden expenses are part of the natural course of living but they weren’t expected. Thankfully, I’ve learned to practice what I preach and have been able to maintain sufficient emergency funds to deal with most of my financial emergencies.

Anticipate the Unexpected, and Save Up Enough Money In Readily Accessible Accounts To Cover Several Months Worth Of Living Expenses

There is no hard and fast rule as to how much one needs to have stored away in an emergency fund, but most personal finance bloggers such as myself advocate sufficient liquid savings to survive for at least a few months with no incoming funds. That is, you need sufficient savings to pay for the cost of living in case you are suddenly bed ridden for whatever reason, at least until you can get back on your feet and generate income again. Personally, I keep at least $5,000 cash stored in my bank account for emergency purposes that I try my best to not co-mingle with other investment objectives. That amount of money that I keep aside is designed to handle financial emergencies such as sudden large tax bills, health related injuries or medical bills, emergency car repair, and even the lack of income due to unanticipated unemployment. While some financial advisers advocate earmarking one’s backup emergency fund savings to cover only truly emergency living expenses, I personally take a broader approach and use my  emergency fund money as a monetary buffer for various out of the norm, over the limit type expenses that include necessary car repair charges and unplanned vacation trips. Of course, I make a very strong effort to rapidly replenish the funds as soon as the temporary financial emergency crunch subsides.

So what should we consider as ideal assets for emergency fund planning purposes? Obviously the best sources are ones that are very liquid, that earn interest, that imposes no penalties or interest charges for withdraw, and those that are easily accessible and able to be withdrawn at a moment’s notice preferably in cash money form or equivalent. The most liquid form would clearly be money stored in a piggy bank or bills stashed under your mattress, but with bank branches located everywhere and interest generating accounts easily accessible through the Internet and 24 hour ATM machines, bank related holding accounts are the supreme form of emergency fund savings. Such bank related accounts and assets would include checking accounts, savings accounts, certain forms of laddered CD’s, and money market accounts. The recommended emergency fund storage solution for most people would be to keep at least 3-6 months worth of living income stored in a high yield savings account or money market account. Bank savings and money market accounts (not to be confused with broker based money market funds) are ideal for emergency fund saving purposes. They offer not only high interest earning opportunities but they also provide instant account access, allowing funds to be withdrawn quickly for emergency situations.

While it’s nearly unanimous that putting your money in a high interest savings account is the best way to save and contribute to an emergency fund, there is much greater debate when it comes to two other commonly used forms of emergency funding – money invested in the stock market, and credit cards (specifically 0% credit cards that offer introductory 0% APR interest for balance transfers).

Using Your Stocks, Mutual Funds, or Retirement Savings As Your Emergency Fund Is A Bad Idea

Personally, I have used my brokerage account as my emergency fund before, however I highly advise against the practice. Not only is the money not very liquid and difficult to convert to immediate cash to pay off emergency debts, but oftentimes such hasty and immediate sales of stocks and mutual funds end up being very counter productive and detrimental to one’s overall long term investment strategy. Currently I have a decent amount of money invested in various individuals stocks, mutual funds, and exchange traded funds (ETF’s) through my online discount broker. Most of my brokerage money is being invested as part of a long term investment strategy. Having to sell my equity positions immediately and prematurely would disrupt my investment approach and force me to incur unplanned short term capital gains or sustain premature capital losses. Worse yet would be to withdraw funds from one of my retirement investment accounts such as my 401K, Traditional IRA account, or ROTH IRA. Not only would I disrupt the compound interest process that such tax deferred retirement accounts offer, but the withdraw itself may require me to pay out hefty early cash out penalties. While your investment account is obviously there as a final dead end source of money, one should look to other more liquid and less financially detrimental sources of emergency funds.

I Frequently Use No Fee Balance Transfer Credit Cards To Handle Emergency Expenses, But The Practice Is Only Suitable For Those Who Can Responsibly Handle Credit Card Bills and Payments

The use of 0% credit cards and balance transfers is my favorite and most commonly used source of emergency funds. I know this practice is highly frown upon by anti-credit card types, but it’s worked well for me over the years. Of course, the use of credit cards and particularly the practice of carrying large balance transfer balances (even at 0% APR) isn’t suitable for everyone. For those that have a history of overspending, or who have not demonstrated a responsible and mature ability to micromanage credit card balances, payment due dates, and minimum payment requirements, 0% balance transfer credit cards should be avoided. Those that can’t properly handle the use of credit cards and manage the logistics of balance transfers will risk making a terrible balance transfer mistake and wind up getting themselves into deeper financial trouble with credit card debt than they started out with. But for those who know how to make a balance transfer and know how balance transfer credit cards work, they are an invaluable financial tool to have in your emergency fund holster.

Back when I incurred a sudden and very unexpected $10,000 tax bill, I utilized my excellent FICO credit score to secure an attractive balance transfer card offer of 0% APR interest for 12 months. I utilized the 0% credit card’s high credit limit to pay off the $10,000 IRS tax bill and took advantage of the balance transfer card’s one year introductory period to slowly pay off the credit card debt which was basically the same IRS tax debt except in a much more manageable no interest form. Because I was diligent in making regular payments, I eventually paid back the entire liability and incurred absolutely no interest or penalties in the process. Balance transfer credit cards, when used properly, can help get you through such tough times and offer you a readily available source of interest free funds when you need them the most.

Of course, if the sudden financial emergency is quite substantial and the amount owed greatly exceeds what you anticipate being able to cover within the balance transfer card’s introductory rate period of 6-12 months or longer depending on whether you can keep rolling the balance onto a new 0% balance transfer credit card offer, I would suggest using something like a low interest balance transfer credit card for the life of the loan instead. While you’ll be paying a little bit more with a low interest balance transfer, at least the payments are predictable and you can take your time making regular payments towards paying off the bill without worrying that interest charges will drastically spike after the promo period is over.

Most investors are familiar with superstar investment guru and easy going philanthropist Warren Buffett. How could you not? After all, he’s the single richest billionaire in the entire world and one of the most influential value focused investors. While the wealth snapshot order has swapped places a few times, at least on this recent Forbes ranking of the world’s richest billionaires, Warren Buffett is seated at the very tip of the money stacked totem pole, surpassing even Microsoft uber-geek and fellow billionaire, Bill Gates. But to label him a mere superstar investor would seem to dilute the sophistication of a man who spent a life devoted to a uniquely patient and value minded, get rich slowly type approach to building long term wealth. Warren Buffet is not your typical get rich quick financial motivator, but one who regularly preaches patience, with a keen eye for the undervalued potential of possible long term investments. The Oracle of Omaha, as Buffett is often fondly referred to today, is also the chairman and CEO of Berkshire Hathaway, the corporate manifestation of his immense and massive self made wealth, despite otherwise living and practicing a life of true humility and frugality.

Despite his tremendous wealth, Warren Buffett is also one of the most generous financial figures in the world in terms of how much he has contributed and donated back to society through charitable causes. A few years ago, he gathered up the bulk of his $40 something billion fortune (at the time), and made the decision to donate his money to the Bill Gates and Melinda Foundation as well as to a few other notable charities dedicated to the improvement of health and education in the United States and around the world. How’s that for enlightened and compassionate capitalism? Rather than spend his vast wealth on fancy cars, $2 billion dollar homes, or on over-the-top accessories that even hip-hop rappers would envy, Warren Buffett chose to live a relatively frugal life comprised of smart financial planning and wise long term investments that rely heavily on value choices. As a staunch supporter of wealth redistribution and progressive tax policies that favor the poor, he is also one of the most down to earth CEO business men out there – and yes, that’s him playing his quirky but famous ukulele in the picture.

So How Did Warren Buffett Become So Rich, And What Is His Single Most Valuable Piece Of Investment Advice For New Investors?

I’ve read Warren Buffett’s works and listened to him speak on Youtube, and I’ve come to greatly admire the man. For those that want to emulate his approach to investing and replicate the secret of his success to long term investment growth, his method can easily be summed up in a few short sentences. It is a concept all long term value investors have known all of their lives, but sometimes it takes a great role model to sum it up through a few inspiring words:

“Occasional outbreaks of those two super-contagious diseases, fear and greed, will forever occur in the investment community. The timing of these epidemics is equally unpredictable, both as to duration and degree. Therefore we never try to anticipate the arrival or departure of either. We simply attempt to be fearful when others are greedy and to be greedy only when others are fearful.”

- Warren Buffett, 2001.

The Oracle of Omaha’s way of creating wealth has always been making value centered financial decisions based on principles of frugality and longevity. His ability to continue investing until his 70’s (and hopefully much longer into the future) have enabled him to practice his long term strategy to its full potential. But his tremendous financial success has always been his ability to channel and harness the eternal capitalistic concepts and emotions of human fear and greed. By playing on and understanding the counter correlation between fear and greed, Buffett has been able to shape his outlook to better determine when a presented opportunity represents one that’s worth taking and when it merely represents a potentially risky financial bait that must not be succumbed to. Thus when the stock, financial, and real estate markets are dropping and everyone is hastily running into the hills for their financial lives, Buffett sees an opportunity. But when prices are soaring and flying high – encouraged by euphoria and near unanimous over-optimism and exuberance about future prospects, Buffett clenches down and exercises extra caution.

Learn To Invest Like Warren Buffett By Understanding The Interplay Between Investment Fear and Greed

For capitalism and democratic concepts of wealth creation to thrive, there has to be an ultimate driving force – and that is greed. Greed is good, and as one well known movie put it – greed captures the essence of the evolutionary spirit and it works. There is nothing inherently wrong with greed as long as it can be properly channeled into a powerful motivating factor to achieve success. But greed has its place – and so does fear. There is a proper time and place when both greed and fear should be acted upon. Upsetting the proper dynamic between the two capitalistic emotions has the potential to lead to disastrous financial results.

Warren Buffett truly understood human nature and the inherent lemming pack mentality that curses most individual stock market investors. When we see a particular financial investment take off and expand two or threefold in a short period of time, we immediately become enraptured over the financial potential, and our greed induced instincts cause us to blindly pursue the investment bandwagon. It is in our very nature to do so. That is how stock market bubbles and even real estate bubbles are formed – through the unwavering lemming effect whereby greedy investors join the rapidly expanding investment pyramid until the base comprised of new entrants can no longer sustain the prices and valuations at the top.

So to succeed financially in the spirit of Buffett’s approach, one has to obtain a more prudent, long term, value-based opportunity outlook. When stock prices are low and dropping, fear causes the majority of people to want to escape and pull their money out of the market in instinctive response. When the markets are seeing red and valuations are dropping, the tendency is to pull your money out of fear. But Warren Buffett sees this moment of fear as the ultimate chance for greed to triumph in the long term. It is not about timing the market, but about looking for the potential upside. When the market has tanked or is tanking, there is much higher potential upside. For undervalued investments, Warren Buffet would see this as the perfect opportunity to take on new positions for the long haul – particularly when the stock or fund fundamentals are sound.

On the flip side, when the entire market is in consensus that a particular investment ought to keep soaring and continue on its upward trajectory, in Buffett’s eyes, that is when cooler heads must prevail and caution ought to be taken. When everyone is in near unanimous agreement that stock prices should keep going higher, the potential for a massive reversal of potential is much greater. When others are greedy, that is when you must exercise fear as a counter intuitive response to the masses. The potential downside at that point is much greater and it’s likely the time to exercise greater restraint. Steps to protect oneself could be to purchase options to hedge against downside risk or to limit one’s investments to less volatile positions.

Thus, if you want to invest like Warren Buffett, heed his most important advice – invest and seek out opportunities when there’s blood on the streets, but hold your cards closely and guard yourself when everyone else seems to be ebullient about financial prospects. It’s counter intuitive to human nature, but it’s the perfect balance and manipulation of fear and greed. Learn to invest in long term value sectors using low expense broad market Exchange Traded Funds (ETF) and low cost mutual funds. Pick out a general low cost online discount broker or open a Roth IRA, and buy and hold investment positions that you believe will grow in the long term, and finally, resist the urge to constantly check your stock prices and bail at the first bump or trouble. Think long term, not short term.

Invest In Value For The Long Term and Understand That Stock and Real Estate Markets Will Naturally Rise and Fall Over Time

Inevitably and invariably, markets ebb and flow, and stock prices never maintain their upward trajectory forever, but at the same time, they also never head downward forever. So long as one maintains a long term investment outlook based on the understanding of fear and greed, we can all learn to profit like Warren Buffett has over the years. Buffett was able to make smart value based investment decisions because he had a long term opportunistic approach to investing. When he acquired control of a simple textile company called Berkshire Hathaway in 1965, he used that company as his primary investment vehicle to acquire and invest in companies that he understood, and retained management services of those he trusted. The key was that he held on. He did not attempt to outplay the market or try to time the market, or guess when he should exit or enter the market. He simply remained patient and sought out opportunities when others were fearful and exercised extra caution when others were greedy.

When the entire world was enraptured with the dot com craze from 1999 to 2001, Warren Buffett was ridiculed for ignoring and failing to cash into the high flying technology stocks that seemed to triple in valuation overnight in leaps and bounds. During this high flying dot com era, Buffett continued to invest his company’s assets towards acquiring old fashioned but valuable investments such as carpet cleaning businesses, roofing enterprises, furniture rental stores, and boring paint making companies. When the stock market finally plummeted and self imploded due to gross over valuation, Buffett’s company was one of the ones that remained unscathed and has continued to prosper since then.

In the world of taxes and financial planning, the terms adjusted gross income (AGI) and modified adjusted gross income (modified AGI or MAGI) are particularly significant. They are frequently used to calculate and determine the extent of certain benefits and deductions. AGI in particular is used to determine qualification to take certain itemized deductions and used to calculate taxable income. It is also the key determinative factor to rebate payment under the 2008 economic stimulus tax package. Qualification for the stimulus payment is not based on salary or after-tax take home income, but rather on the taxpayer’s total adjusted gross income, which is a terminology encompassing a broader range of income sources.

The term modified adjusted gross income is particularly important as well. It is used to determine qualification to take certain tax adjustments like the child tax credit and eligibility for certain education expense credits. Overwhelmingly though, the MAGI’s significance is most commonly associated with tax deferred investment retirement accounts (IRA’s). It is a key income factor in determining Roth IRA contribution limits and phaseouts, as well as qualification for IRA to Roth conversions. The higher the MAGI, the more the Roth IRA contribution limit is reduced and ultimately phased out. The MAGI term is often overlooked because the amount calculated in MAGI is often similar or even the same as the adjusted gross income for most ordinary tax situations.

For clarification, here are the income and deductions that comprise both the AGI and the MAGI:

1) Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) – is comprised of all gross income sources reduced by adjustment deductions. This total income amount represents the amount before you take your personal exemption, or choice of standard or itemized deductions into account. Thus standard and itemized deductions are not factored into the AGI. The adjusted gross income is also the delineating and final number on the first page of the 1040 federal tax form that separates above-the-line adjustments such as business deductions, from below-the-line itemizations such as the charitable deduction.

The following income sources added together comprise a taxpayer’s initial gross income figure:

• Salary and wage income,
• Interest income,
• Dividend income,
• Income from certain retirement accounts,
• Capital gains,
• Alimony received,
• Rental income,
• Royalty income,
• Farm income,
• Unemployment compensation.

To reach the adjusted gross income, the above total gross income amount must subtract the following deductions below:

• Deduction for contribution to an IRA,
• Health savings account deductions,
• Student loan interest deduction,
• Certain business expenses of reservists, performing artists, and fee basis government officials,
• Certain moving expenses,
• One half of self employment tax,
• Penalties on early withdrawal of savings,
• Alimony paid,
• Health insurance premiums due to self employment.

2) Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) – is basically the AGI figure, modified for various tax adjustments by excluding the items listed below. When the original AGI was calculated, certain deductions were subtracted from it. To arrive at the MAGI amount, take the AGI and add the following items back to it:

• Any deduction you claimed for a normal contribution to a Traditional IRA.
• Any deduction you claim for student loan interest or qualified tuition and related expenses.
• Any income you excluded because of the foreign earned income exclusion.
• Any exclusion or deduction you claimed for foreign housing.
• Any interest income from series EE bonds that you were able to exclude because you paid qualified higher education expenses.
• Any employer-paid adoption expense you excluded.
• Any amount claimed as domestic production activities deduction.

Tax Planning Tip For Lowering Your Modified Adjusted Gross Income (Useful for avoiding the Roth contribution limit and phaseout).

While many deductions are added back to the AGI to reach the MAGI amount, you should note that contributions made to an employer sponsored retirement plan such as a 401K is not one of them. If you anticipate reaching the annual income limit for Roth contribution phase out, you may want to seriously consider increasing your contributions to your employer’s sponsored plan. For example, in 2008 you may only make contributions to a Roth IRA if your MAGI is below $169,000 if you’re married filing jointly or below $116,000 if you’re a single filer. The amount you may contribute to a Roth starts to phase down once your MAGI reaches $159,000 as a joint filer or $101,000 as a single filer. If you anticipate reaching the phase out period and you’re on the fence, contributing some extra money into your job’s 401K plan will help reduce your overall AGI as well as your MAGI, since the contribution’s not one of the many items added back to calculate the MAGI.